حالات ميراث المرأة في الاسلام
حالات ميراث المرأة في. الاسلام 11 حالة ترث فيها المرأة مثل الرجل و
14 حالة ترث فيها المرأة أكثر من الرجل”
5 حالات ترث فيها المرأة ولا يرث نظيرها من الرجال”
4حالات فقط ترث فيها المرأة نصف ميراث نظيرها من الرجال
دعوى أن الإسلام ظلم المرأة في الميراث غير صحيحه
(اولًا) : الحالات التي ترث فيها المرأة نصف الرجل……
1- البنت مع أخواتها الذكور، وبنت الابن مع ابن الابن.
2- الأب والأم ولا يوجد أولاد ولا زوج أو زوجة.
3- الأخت الشقيقة مع إخوانها الذكور.
4- الأخت لأب مع إخوانها الذكور.
(ثانيًا): الحالات التي ترث فيها المرأة مثل الرجل …..
1- الأب والأم في حالة وجود الفرع الوارث.
2- الأخ والأخت لأم.
3- أخوات مع الإخوة والأخوات لأم.
4- البنت مع عمها أو أقرب عصبة للأب (مع عدم وجود الحاجب)
5- الأب مع أم الأم وابن الابن.
6- زوج وأم وأختان لأم وأخ شقيق على قضاء سيدنا عمر رضي الله عنه، فإن الأختين لأم والأخ الشقيق شركاء في الثلث.
7- انفراد الرجل أو المرأة بالتركة بأن يكون هو الوارث الوحيد، فيرث الابن إن كان وحده التركة كلها تعصيبًا، والبنت ترث النصف فرضًا والباقي ردًّا. وذلك أيضًا لو ترك أبًا وحده فإنه سيرث التركة كلها تعصيبًا، ولو ترك أمًّا فسترث الثلث فرضًا والباقي ردًّا عليها.
8- زوج مع الأخت الشقيقة؛ فإنها ستأخذ مثل ما لو كانت ذكرًا، بمعنى لو تركت المرأة زوجًا وأخًا شقيقًا فسيأخذ الزوج النصف، والباقي للأخ تعصيبًا. ولو تركت زوجًا وأختًا فسيأخذ الزوج النصف والأخت النصف كذلك.
9- الأخت لأم مع الأخ الشقيق، وهذا إذا تركت المرأة زوجًا، وأمًّا، وأختًا لأم، وأخًا شقيقًا؛ فسيأخذ الزوج النصف، والأم السدس، والأخت لأم السدس، والباقي للأخ الشقيق تعصيبًا
وهو السدس.
10- ذوو الأرحام في مذهب أهل الرحم، وهو المعمول به في القانون المصري في المادة 31 من القانون رقم 77 لسنة 1943، وهو إن لم يكن هناك أصحاب فروض ولا عصبات فإن ذوي الأرحام هم الورثة، وتقسم بينهم التركة بالتساوي كأن يترك المتوفى (بنت بنت، وابن بنت، وخالا، وخالة) فكلهم يرثون نفس الأنصبة.
11- هناك ستة لا يحجبون حجب حرمان أبدًا وهم ثلاثة من الرجال، وثلاثة من النساء، فمن الرجال (الزوج، والابن، والأب)، ومن النساء (الزوجة، والبنت، والأم)
(ثالثًا): حالات ترث فيها المرأة أكثر من الرجل …..
1- الزوج مع ابنته الوحيدة.
2- الزوج مع ابنتيه.
3- البنت مع أعمامها.
4- إذا ماتت امرأة عن ستين فدانًا، والورثة هم (زوج، وأب، وأم، وبنتان) فإن نصيب البنتين سيكون 32 فدانًا بما يعني أن نصيب كل بنت 16 فدانًا، في حين أنها لو تركت ابنين بدلًا من البنتين لورث كل ابن 12.5 فدانًا؛ حيث إن نصيب البنتين ثلثا التركة، ونصيب الابنين باقي التركة تعصيبًا بعد أصحاب الفروض.
5- لو ماتت امرأة عن 48 فدانًا، والورثة (زوج، وأختان شقيقتان، وأم) ترث الأختان ثلثي التركة بما يعني أن نصيب الأخت الواحدة 12 فدانًا، في حين لو أنها تركت أخوين بدلًا من الأختين لورث كل أخ 8 أفدنة لأنهما يرثان باقي التركة تعصيبا بعد نصيب الزوج والأم.
6- ونفس المسألة لو تركت أختين لأب؛ حيث يرثان أكثر من الأخوين لأب.
7- لو ماتت امرأة وتركت (زوجًا، وأبًا، وأمًّا، وبنتًا)، وكانت تركتها 156 فدانًا فإن البنت سترث نصف التركة وهو ما يساوي 72 فدانًا، أما لو أنها تركت ابنًا بدلًا من البنت فكان سيرث 65 فدانًا؛ لأنه يرث الباقي تعصيبا بعد فروض (الزوج والأب والأم)
8- إذا ماتت امرأة وتركت (زوجًا، وأمًّا، وأختًا شقيقة)، وتركتها 48 فدانًا مثلا فإن الأخت الشقيقة سترث 18 فدانًا، في حين أنها لو تركت أخًا شقيقًا بدلًا من الأخت سيرث 8 أفدنة فقط؛ لأنه سيرث الباقي تعصيبا بعد نصيب الزوج والأم، ففي هذه الحالة ورثت الأخت الشقيقة أكثر من ضعف نصيب الأخ الشقيق.
9- لو ترك رجل (زوجة، وأمًّا، وأختين لأم، وأخوين شقيقين) وكانت تركته 48 فدانًا، ترث الأختان لأم وهما الأبعد قرابة 16 فدانًا فنصيب الواحدة 8 أفدنة، في حين يرث الأخوان الشقيقان 12 فدانًا، بما يعني أن نصيب الواحد 6 أفدنة.
10- لو تركت امرأة (زوجًا، وأختًا لأم، أخوين شقيقين)، وكانت التركة 120 فدانًا، ترث الأخت لأم ثلث التركة، وهو ما يساوي 40 فدانًا، ويرث الأخوان الشقيقان 20 فدانًا، بما يعني أن الأخت لأم وهي الأبعد قرابة أخذت أربعة أضعاف الأخ الشقيق.
11- الأم في حالة فقد الفرع الوارث، ووجود الزوج في مذهب ابن عباس رضي الله عنه ، فلو ماتت امرأة وتركت (أبًا، وأمًّا، وزوجًا) فللزوج النصف، وللأم الثلث، والباقي للأب، وهو السدس أي ما يساوي نصف نصيب زوجته.
12- لو تركت امرأة (زوجًا، وأمًّا، وأختًا لأم، وأخوين شقيقين) وكانت التركة 60 فدانًا، فسترث الأخت لأم 10 أفدنة في حين سيرث كل أخ 5 أفدنة؛ مما يعني أن الأخت لأم نصيبها ضعف الأخ الشقيق، وهي أبعد منه قرابة.
13- ولو ترك رجل (زوجة، وأبًا، وأمًّا، وبنتًا، وبنت ابن)، وكانت التركة 648 فدانًا، فإن نصيب بنت الابن سيكون 96 فدانًا، في حين لو ترك ابنَ ابنٍ لكان نصيبه 24فدانًا فقط.
14- لو ترك المتوفى (أمًّا، وأم أم، وأم أب) وكانت التركة 60 فدانًا مثلًا، فسوف ترث الأم الثلث فرضًا والباقي ردًّا، أما لو ترك المتوفى أبًا بدلًا من أم بمعنى أنه ترك (أبًا، وأم أم، وأم أب) فسوف ترث أم الأم، ولن تحجب السدس وهو 10 أفدنة، والباقي للأب 50 فدانًا، مما يعني أن الأم ورثت كل التركة 60 فدانًا، والأب لو كان مكانها لورث 50 فدانًا فقط.
(رابعًا) حالات ترث فيها المرأة ولا يرث نظيرها من الرجال …
1- لو ماتت امرأة وتركت (زوجًا، وأبًا، وأمًّا، وبنتًا، وبنت ابن)، وتركت تركة قدرها 195 فدانًا مثلًا، فإن بنت الابن سترث السدس وهو 26 فدانًا، في حين لو أن المرأة تركت ابن ابن بدلًا من بنت الابن لكان نصيبه صفرًا؛ لأنه كان سيأخذ الباقي تعصيبا ولا باقي، وهو خلاف المذاهب، ونحن نتكلم عن المذاهب المعتمدة، وكيف أنها أعطت المرأة، ولم تعط نظيرها من الرجال.
2- لو تركت امرأة (زوجًا، وأختًا شقيقة، وأختًا لأب)، وكانت التركة 84 فدانًا مثلًا، فإن الأخت لأب سترث السدس، وهو ما يساوي 12 فدانًا، في حين لو كان الأخ لأب بدلًا من الأخت لم يرث؛ لأن النصف للزوج، والنصف للأخت الشقيقة
3- ميراث الجدة: فكثيرا ما ترث ولا يرث نظيرها من الأجداد، وبالاطلاع على قاعدة ميراث الجد والجدة نجد الآتي: الجد الصحيح ( أي الوارث) هو الذي لا تدخل في نسبته إلى الميت أم مثل: أبي الأب، أو أبي أب الأب وإن علا، أما أبو الأم أو أبو أم الأم فهو جد فاسد (أي غير وارث) على خلاف في اللفظ لدى الفقهاء، أما الجدة الصحيحة فهي التي لا يدخل في نسبتها إلى الميت جد غير صحيح، أو هي كل جدة لا يدخل في نسبتها إلى الميت أب بين أُمَّيْنِ، وعليه تكون أم أب الأم جدة فاسدة، لكن أم الأم، وأم أم الأب جدات صحيحات ويرثن.
4- لو مات شخص وترك (أبا أم، وأم أم) في هذه الحالة ترث أم الأم التركة كلها، حيث تأخذ السدس فرضًا والباقي ردًّا، وأب الأم لا شيء له؛ لأنه جد غير وارث.
5- وكذلك ولو مات شخص وترك (أم أم، وأبا أم أم) تأخذ أم الأم التركة كلها، فتأخذ السدس فرضًا والباقي ردًّا عليها ولا شيء لأبي أم الأم؛ لأنه جد غير وارث.
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